Schools in Makkah Al-Mukarramah and Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah during the Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras (569 AH / 1173 AD - 923 AH / 1517 AD)

Abstract

Makkah Al-Mukarramah and Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah were and still are a center of knowledge and the active scientific movement through the study circles in the Two Holy Mosques, as they are the meeting place for scholars from all over the Islamic world, especially during the Hajj season, and there was the role of the neighbors in activating the role of schools in Makkah Al-Mukarramah and Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, teaching in them and exchanging knowledge and science. Where the goal of establishing schools in Makkah and Madinah was to seek reward from God and double the reward, to spread knowledge and knowledge, and to teach religious and Arabic subjects and mental sciences (arithmetics, timings).

The sultans, caliphs, princes, and senior dignitaries also competed to establish schools, endowed them with endowments, and allocated aspects of spending on them, including the rulers of Bani Rasul in Yemen and their great role in establishing schools in Makkah such as Al-Mujahidiyah, Al-Muzaffariyya, and Al-Mansuriya.

There was also a large number of endowments and their diversity as well, and this is for the sake of the continuity of the schools in performing their role in spreading knowledge among people, especially the legal sciences. Civilizational aspects of the state are most of their concern, especially the scientific aspect for the transcendence of the Islamic nation.