The Impact of the Extreme Right in the United States of America on the Future of International Relations
الكلمات المفتاحية:
The Extreme Right, the United States of America, International Relations, Europe, The International System
الملخص
The eighties and nineties witnessed the remarkable rise of the far-right parties in Europe and the United States of America through the large and unexpected presence in the local and legislative elections, and despite its difference from one country to another, the growth of the extreme right’s voice in reality reflects the crisis of Western political systems as a whole. The rise of the extreme right movement is not only due to the current’s own strength, or the popular need for it, but rather expresses a deep crisis of the moderate right and the moderate left alike. The policies and ideas of the extreme right affect all political issues and are reflected in the policies of US governments Especially in which extremist members participate by officially adopting the calls of those extremist parties and codifying them through a series of undemocratic laws. The debate over how to interpret the shifts in the behavior of actors in international relations is hardly ceased. For decades, the interpretations of international relations scholars of state behavior have focused on two main trends, the first of which is that international interactions can be explained by analyzing the behaviors of the individual actor (agent) represented by state leaders, The decisions they make are related to their worldview and the belief system and perception of each of them. As for the second trend, the interpretation of international interactions is linked to the analysis of the structure of the international system (structure) that imposes restrictions on the movements of states, so that imposes on them who does what, when and how?
المراجع
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26. Rinas Penafi, The Rise of the Extreme Right, Reasons and Implications: An Analytical Study, Arab Democratic Center, Berlin, May 12, 2017, https://democraticac.de/?p=46400
27. Robert Kaplan, The Return of Marco Polo’s World: War, Strategy, and American Interests in the Twenty-First Century, Random House, 2018
28. Russell Muirhead and Nancy L Rosenblum, A Lot of People Are Saying: The New Conspiracism and the Assault on Democracy, Princeton, 2019
29. Saeed Kazem Bishara, The Extremist Right in Europe: A Political-Social Study of Reasons and Dimensions, Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Political Science, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, 2014, p. 7.
30. Sami Al-Salami, Trump and the Allies Maximizing American Gains, International Politics Journal, No. (215), January 2019, Al-Ahram Foundation, Cairo, p. 93.
31. Sherine Hamed Fahmy, The Rise of the Extremist Right in Europe Between Cultural and Political and Economic Interpretation, The Civilization Center for Studies and Research, Cairo, considers: http://hadaracenter.com/pdfs/
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35. The Rise of the Extremist Right in Europe: The Most Important Factors, Characters, and Ideas, a previously mentioned source, p. 9. See also: The Right Right in the West Ascension and Influence, a previously mentioned source, p. 8.
36. Ulrich Beck, Power and Counter-Authority in the Era of Globalization, translated by George Kattoura and Elham Shaarani, The Eastern Library, Beirut, 2010, pp. 11-12
37. Walid Jasad Al-Zaidi, The Consequences of the emergence of populism in the West, Arab Thought Foundation, Saudi Arabia, May 8, 2019, see: https://arabthought.org/. Likewise, it looks at: the Charter of Manahi Al-Issawi, the growth of populist currents between excessive democracy and government failure, Center for Strategic Studies / Department of International Studies, University of Karbala, July 2016, seen: http://kerbalacss.uokerbala.edu.iq/
38. Xenia Wickett,America’s International Role Under Donald Trump,Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International, London, January 2017 ,p15.
39. Yahya Saeed Qaoud and Ola Amer Al-Jaab, US National Security Document 2017 An Analytical Reading of Donald Trump's Strategy, Strategic Readings, Issue (20), Palestinian Planning Center, Palestine Liberation Organization, Gaza, April 2018, p. 21.
40. Yaman Annan, the implications of the rise of the extreme right in Europe, research papers, Al-Badil Center for Planning and Strategic Studies, Amman, 19 December 2016.
41. Yemeni Atef Mohamed, The Rise of the Extremist Right Parties in Europe: A Case Study of France in the Period “1984 - 2017, Arab Democratic Center, Berlin, August 19, 2019, see: https://democraticac.de/?p=62037
2. Abu Bakr El-Desouky, Trump's America .. Profit and Loss Accounts, International Politics Journal, No. (215), Al-Ahram Foundation, Cairo, January 2019, p. 82.
3. Ahmed Haider Abdul-Ridha, The UK's withdrawal from the European Union, its mechanisms and effects, unpublished Master Thesis, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 2019, p. 33.
4. Al-Jabri, Extremist Right Parties in Europe: A Study in Ideas and the Political Role, Journal of International Studies, No. (35), 2008, Center for Strategic and International Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, p. 47. Looking also, Nazem Abdel-Wahid Al-Jassour, European Right Parties between Accounts of the Past and Future Prospects, European Papers, Center for International Studies, University of Baghdad, 2000, pp. 4-7
5. Amin Saadawi and Masoud El-Sassi, The Ascension of Right Populations in the West 2016/2017 AD - USA - Model - Unpublished Master Thesis, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of the Martyr Hama Lakhdar - El-Wadi, Algeria, 2018, p. 67
6. Azmi Bishara, Rise of the Right and Importing the Clash of Civilizations into the Interior: When Democracy Brings Antipods to Liberalism, Arab Politics Magazine, Issue (23), Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Doha, November 2016, p. 8
7. Bruno Maçães, The Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order, Penguin Random House, 2018
8. Dominic Vidal, European Extremist Right Movements: Strategies and Identities, in the book, Situations of the World 2012, new players ... and a new reality, translation: Hoda Munqas, Arab Thought Foundation, Beirut, 2012, p. 81.
9. For more see: Mohamed Kamal, Trump and the future of the international system, Journal of International Politics, No. (215), Al-Ahram Foundation, Cairo, January 2019, pp. 88-90. Likewise, it is considered in: Yahya Saeed Qaoud and Ola Amer Al-Jaab ,0, previously mentioned source, p. 140
10. Katharina Pistor, The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality, Princeton University Press, 2019
11. Mansour Hussain, The Rise of the Extremist Right in Europe, Progressive Forum Kingdom of Bahrain, January 9, 2017, see: http://www.altaqadomi.org/?p=1311
12. Maram Zeia, the European-American right ... a bridge or a dilemma?, Journal of International Politics, No. (215), Al-Ahram Foundation, Cairo, January 2019, pp. 123-123.
13. Maurice Devergie, Political Parties, Translation: Ali Muqallad and Abdel-Hassan Saad, Dar Al-Nahar Publishing, Beirut, 1983, p. 5, and also looks at: Abu Bakr Al-Desouki, The Dialectical Relationship between Islamophobia and the European Right, Journal of International Politics, No. (208), , Al-Ahram Foundation, Cairo, April 2017, p. 85.
14. Mona Khwais, The Men of Balconies An Analytical Study of the Populist Phenomenon, Dar Al-Farabi, Beirut, 2012, pp. 27-30.
15. Muhammad Al-Hajiri, Dialogue with Ali Harb, Al-Faisal Magazine, Issues (479-480), King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, Riyadh, September 2016, p. 107. For more, see Sherif Nessim Qaltet Bakhit, the refugee crisis and the rise of the extreme right in Europe, European Center for Counter-Terrorism and Intelligence Studies, Germany, July 13, 2018. https://www.europarabct.com/
16. Naji Abdel-Nour, Muslim Communities in Europe and the extent of their integration into political work in light of the rise of extreme right parties, in the book Islamophobia in Europe: Discourse and Practice, Arab Democratic Center for Strategic, Political and Economic Studies, Berlin, 2019, pp. 149-150.
17. Nicholas Lardy, The State Strikes Back: The End of Economic Reform in China, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2019
18. Noman Abdul-Razzaq Al-Samarrai, targeting Arabs and Muslims, Al-Faisal Magazine, Issue (1268), King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, Riyadh, February / March 2007, p. 94.
19. Patrick Diamond, The Crisis of Globalization: Democracy, Capitalism and Inequality in the Twenty-First Century, IB Tauris, 2019
20. Paul Blustein, Schism: China, America and the Fracturing of the Global Trading System, Center for International Governance Innovation, 2019
21. Peter Bergen, Trump and His Generals: The Cost of Chaos, Penguin Press, December 2019 pp. 44
22. Rabeh Zoghouni, Islamophobia and the Rise of the Extremist Right in Europe: Sociocultural Approach, Arab Future Magazine, Volume (36), No. (421), Center for Arabic Unity Studies, Beirut, March 31, 2014, p. 124.
23. Rabeh Zoghouni, Islamophobia and the Rise of the Extremist Right in Europe: A Sociocultural Approach, previously mentioned source, p. 128.
24. Reza Muhammad Hilal, Asia and the Pacific ,Between Obama and Trump, Journal of International Politics, No. (215), Al-Ahram Foundation, Cairo, January 2019, p. 126.
25. Right-wing current in the West: Ascension and Influence, Political Papers, Strategic Thought Center for Studies, Beirut, 2018, p. 4.
26. Rinas Penafi, The Rise of the Extreme Right, Reasons and Implications: An Analytical Study, Arab Democratic Center, Berlin, May 12, 2017, https://democraticac.de/?p=46400
27. Robert Kaplan, The Return of Marco Polo’s World: War, Strategy, and American Interests in the Twenty-First Century, Random House, 2018
28. Russell Muirhead and Nancy L Rosenblum, A Lot of People Are Saying: The New Conspiracism and the Assault on Democracy, Princeton, 2019
29. Saeed Kazem Bishara, The Extremist Right in Europe: A Political-Social Study of Reasons and Dimensions, Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Political Science, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, 2014, p. 7.
30. Sami Al-Salami, Trump and the Allies Maximizing American Gains, International Politics Journal, No. (215), January 2019, Al-Ahram Foundation, Cairo, p. 93.
31. Sherine Hamed Fahmy, The Rise of the Extremist Right in Europe Between Cultural and Political and Economic Interpretation, The Civilization Center for Studies and Research, Cairo, considers: http://hadaracenter.com/pdfs/
32. Simon Reid-Henry, Empire of Democracy: The Remaking of the West Since the Cold War, 1971–2017, Simon & Schuster, 2019
33. The Rise of the Extreme Right in Europe: The Most Important Factors, Characters, and Ideas, previously mentioned source, p. 6.
34. The rise of the extreme right in Europe: the most prominent factors, personalities and ideas, Directorate of Strategic Studies, No. (35), Consultative Center for Studies and Documentation, Beirut, May 2019, p. 8.
35. The Rise of the Extremist Right in Europe: The Most Important Factors, Characters, and Ideas, a previously mentioned source, p. 9. See also: The Right Right in the West Ascension and Influence, a previously mentioned source, p. 8.
36. Ulrich Beck, Power and Counter-Authority in the Era of Globalization, translated by George Kattoura and Elham Shaarani, The Eastern Library, Beirut, 2010, pp. 11-12
37. Walid Jasad Al-Zaidi, The Consequences of the emergence of populism in the West, Arab Thought Foundation, Saudi Arabia, May 8, 2019, see: https://arabthought.org/. Likewise, it looks at: the Charter of Manahi Al-Issawi, the growth of populist currents between excessive democracy and government failure, Center for Strategic Studies / Department of International Studies, University of Karbala, July 2016, seen: http://kerbalacss.uokerbala.edu.iq/
38. Xenia Wickett,America’s International Role Under Donald Trump,Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International, London, January 2017 ,p15.
39. Yahya Saeed Qaoud and Ola Amer Al-Jaab, US National Security Document 2017 An Analytical Reading of Donald Trump's Strategy, Strategic Readings, Issue (20), Palestinian Planning Center, Palestine Liberation Organization, Gaza, April 2018, p. 21.
40. Yaman Annan, the implications of the rise of the extreme right in Europe, research papers, Al-Badil Center for Planning and Strategic Studies, Amman, 19 December 2016.
41. Yemeni Atef Mohamed, The Rise of the Extremist Right Parties in Europe: A Case Study of France in the Period “1984 - 2017, Arab Democratic Center, Berlin, August 19, 2019, see: https://democraticac.de/?p=62037
منشور
2021-05-28
كيفية الاقتباس
Assistant Professor Faisal Shallal Abbas, & Assistant Professor Majeed Kamil Hamzah. (2021). The Impact of the Extreme Right in the United States of America on the Future of International Relations. International Journal on Humanities and Social Sciences, (21), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.33193/IJoHSS.21.2021.248
إصدار
القسم
المقالات
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2021 Assistant Professor Faisal Shallal Abbas , Assistant Professor Majeed Kamil Hamzah
هذا العمل مرخص حسب الرخصة Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
